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Pronunciation respelling is a notation used to convey the pronunciation of words, in a language, such as English, which does not have a phonemic orthography. There are two basic types of pronunciation respelling: * "Phonemic" systems, as commonly found in American dictionaries, consistently use one symbol per English phoneme. These systems are conceptually equivalent to the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) commonly used in bilingual dictionaries and scholarly writings, but tend to use symbols based on English rather than Romance-language spelling conventions (e.g. ''ē'' for IPA ) and avoid non-alphabetic symbols (e.g. ''sh'' for IPA ). * On the other hand, "non-phonemic" or "newspaper" systems, commonly used in newspapers and other non-technical writings, avoid diacritics and literally "respell" words making use of well-known English words and spelling conventions, even though the resulting system may not have a one-to-one mapping between symbols and sounds. As an example, the last name of actor Jake Gyllenhaal, written in the IPA, might be written or in a phonemic system, and ''Jill-in-hall'' in a non-phonemic system. ==Development and use== Pronunciation respelling systems for English have been developed primarily for use in dictionaries. They are used there because it is not possible to predict with certainty the sound of a written English word from its spelling or the spelling of a spoken English word from its sound. So readers looking up an unfamiliar word in a dictionary may find, on seeing the pronunciation respelling, that the word is in fact already known to them orally. By the same token, those who hear an unfamiliar spoken word may see several possible matches in a dictionary and must rely on the pronunciation respellings to find the correct match. Traditional respelling systems for English use only the 26 ordinary letters of the Latin alphabet with diacritics, and are meant to be easy for native readers to understand. English dictionaries have used various such respelling systems to convey phonemic representations of the spoken word since Samuel Johnson published his ''Dictionary of the English Language'' in 1755. Today, such systems remain in use in American dictionaries for native English speakers, but they have been replaced by the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) in linguistics references and many bilingual dictionaries published outside the United States. The pronunciation which dictionaries refer to is some chosen "normal" one, thereby excluding other regional accents or dialect pronunciation. In England this standard is normally the so-called Received Pronunciation, based upon the educated speech of southern England. The standard for American English is known as General American (GA). Sophisticated phonetic systems have been developed, such as James Murray's scheme for the original ''Oxford English Dictionary'', and the IPA, which replaced it in later editions and has been adopted by many British and international dictionaries. The IPA system is not a respelling system, because it uses symbols not in the English alphabet, such as ''ð'' and ''θ''. Most current British dictionaries〔Such as ''The Oxford BBC Guide to Pronunciation'' (Mind your language ), by Dot Wordsworth, in The Spectator, November 7, 2007.〕 use IPA for this purpose. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Pronunciation respelling for English」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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